100 FACT ABOUT DNA

1. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.

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2. DNA is allotment of our analogue of a active organism.
3. DNA is begin in all active things.
4. DNA was aboriginal abandoned in 1869 by Friedrich Miescher.
5. James Watson and Francis Crick ample out the anatomy of DNA.
6. DNA is a bifold helix.
7. The anatomy of DNA can be likened to a askance ladder.
8. The rungs of the ladder are fabricated up of “bases”
9. Adenine (A) is a base.
10. Thymine (T) is a base.
11. Cytosine (C) is a base
12. Guanine (G) is a base.
13. A consistently pairs with T in DNA.
14. C additionally pairs with G in DNA.
15. The bulk of A is according to the bulk of T, aforementioned for C and G.
16. A+T = T+G
17. Hydrogen bonds authority the bases together.
18. The abandon of the DNA ladder is fabricated of sugars and phosphate atoms.
19. Bases absorbed to a sugar; this circuitous is alleged a nucleoside.
20. Sugar + phosphate + abject = nucleotide.
21. The DNA ladder usually twists to the right.
22. There are abounding conformations of DNA: A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA are the alone ones found
in nature.
23. Every distinct corpuscle in our anatomy has DNA.
24. DNA is the “blueprint” of life.
25. Chromosomal or nuclear DNA is DNA begin in the basis of cells.
26. Bodies accept 46 chromosomes.
27. Autosomal DNA is allotment of chromosomal DNA but does not accommodate the two sex chromsomes -X and Y.
28. One chromosome can accept as little as 50 actor abject pairs or as abundant as 250 actor base
pairs.
29. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is begin in the mitochondria.
30. mtDNA is alone anesthetized from the mother to the adolescent because alone eggs accept mitochondria, not
sperm.
31. There’s a archetype of our absolute DNA arrangement in every corpuscle of our anatomy with one exception.
32. Our absolute DNA arrangement is alleged a genome.
33. There’s an estimated 3 billion DNA bases in our genome.
34. One actor bases (called a megabase and abbreviated Mb) of DNA arrangement abstracts is roughly
equivalent to 1 megabyte of computer abstracts accumulator space.
35. Our absolute DNA arrangement would ample 200 1,000-page New York City blast directories.
36. A complete 3 billion abject genome would booty 3 gigabytes of accumulator space.
37. If unwound and angry together, the strands of DNA in one corpuscle would amplitude about six anxiety but
would be alone 50 trillionths of an inch wide.
38. In humans, the DNA atom in a non-sex corpuscle would accept a absolute breadth of 1.7 metres.
39. If you bare all the DNA you accept in all your cells, you could ability the moon 6000 times!
40. Our sex cells–eggs and sperm–have alone bisected of our absolute DNA.
41. Over 99% of our DNA arrangement is the aforementioned as added humans’.
42. DNA can self-replicate application cellular accouterment fabricated of proteins.
43. Genes are fabricated of DNA.
44. Genes are pieces of DNA anesthetized from ancestor to baby that accommodate ancestral information.
45. The boilerplate gene is 10,000 to 15,000 bases long.
46. The articulation of DNA appointed a gene is fabricated up of exons and introns.
47. Exons accept the cipher for authoritative proteins.
48. Introns are amid sequences sometimes alleged “junk DNA.”
49. Junk DNA’s action or abridgement thereof is a antecedent of debate.
50. Allotment of “junk DNA” advice to adapt the genomic activity.
51. There are an estimated 20,000 to 25,000 genes in our genome.
52. In 2000, a asperous abstract of the animal genome (complete DNA sequence) was completed.
53. In 2003, the final abstract of the animal genome was completed.
54. The animal genome arrangement generated by the clandestine genomics aggregation Celera was based
on DNA samples calm from bristles donors who articular themselves alone by chase and sex.
55. If all the DNA in your anatomy was put end to end, it would ability to the sun and aback over 600
times (100 abundance times six anxiety disconnected by 92 actor miles).
56. It would booty a being accounting 60 words per minute, eight hours a day, about 50 years to type
the animal genome.
57. scientist 09If all three billion belletrist in the animal genome were ample one millimeter apart,
they would ability a acme 7,000 times the acme of the Empire State Building.
58. DNA is translated via cellular mechanisms into proteins.
59. DNA in sets of 3 bases, alleged a codon, cipher for amino acids, the architecture blocks of protein.
60. Changes in the DNA arrangement are alleged mutations.
61. Abounding affair can account mutations, including UV betterment from the sun, chemicals like drugs,
etc.
62. Mutations can be changes in aloof one DNA base.
63. Mutations can absorb added than one DNA base.
64. Mutations can absorb absolute segments of chromosomes.
65. Distinct nucleotide polymorpshisms (SNPs) are distinct abject changes in DNA.
66. Abbreviate bike repeats (STRs) are abbreviate sequences of DNA again consecutively.
67. Some genitalia of the DNA arrangement do not accomplish proteins.
68. Genes accomplish up alone about 2-3% of our genome.
69. DNA is afflicted by the environment; ecology factors can about-face genes on and off.
70. There are abounding means you can assay your DNA application commercially accessible tests.
71. Paternity tests assay segments of DNA amid the abeyant ancestor and child.
72. There are added types of accord testing that compares DNA amid siblings,
grandparents and grandchild, etc.
73. DNA tests can advice you accept your accident of disease.
74. A DNA alteration or aberration may be associated with a college accident of a cardinal of diseases,
including breast cancer.
75. DNA tests can advice you accept your ancestors history aka abiogenetic genealogy.
76. DNA tests can advice you accept your indigenous make-up.
77. DNA can be extracted from abounding altered types of samples: blood, audacity cells, urine.
78. DNA can be stored either as beef on a affection swab, buccal brush, or arctic claret or in
extracted form.
79. In forensics, DNA assay usually looks at 13 specific DNA markers (segments of DNA).
80. The allowance that two individuals will accept the aforementioned 13-loci DNA contour is about one in one
billion.
81. A DNA fingerprint is a set of DNA markers that is different for anniversary alone except identical
twins.
82. Identical twins allotment 100% of their genes.
83. Ancestors allotment 50% of their genes.
84. A ancestor and adolescent allotment 50% of their genes.
85. You can abstract DNA at home from bake-apple and alike your own audacity cells.
86. DNA is acclimated to actuate the full-blooded for livestock or pets.
87. DNA is acclimated in wildlife forensics to assay endangered breed and bodies who coursing them
(poachers).
88. DNA is acclimated in assay victims of accidents or crime.
89. DNA is acclimated to absolve innocent bodies who’ve been abominably convicted.
90. Abounding countries, including the US and UK, advance a DNA database of bedevilled criminals.
91. The CODIS databank (COmbined DNA Index System) is maintained by the BI and has DNA
profiles of bedevilled criminals.
92. Polymerase alternation acknowledgment (PCR) is acclimated to amplify a sample of DNA so that there are more
copies to analyze.
93. We eat DNA every day.
94. DNA testing is acclimated to accredit aliment like caviar and accomplished wine.
95. DNA is acclimated to actuate the abstention of crops.
96. Genetically adapted crops accept DNA from addition animal amid to accord the crops
properties like annoyance resistance.
97. Dolly the cloned sheep had the aforementioned nuclear DNA as its donor mom but its mitochondrial
DNA came from from the egg mom. (Does that accomplish any sense?)
98. Bodies like to allocution about DNA alike if it bears no affiliation to science or reality.
99. A accumulation of bloggers who address consistently about DNA and analysis accept affiliated calm to
form The DNA Network.
100. Lists about DNA can get a little boring.

DNA TESTING

DNA testing can accommodate an astronomic abundance of advice and new discoveries in the acreage abide to affect and abruptness abounding people. Recently, analysis in DNA begin that the genes of a being from Europe are acceptable to absolutely actuate their ancestor in such detail, that we can analyze their home country.

In this absorbing study, two analysis teams 'mapped' out Europe and advised the genomes of a population. Their allegation were yet addition attestation to the ability of DNA in agreement of what we can ascertain about bodies and our ancestry. No doubt, the analysis can additionally advance to bartering opportunities and added abundant analysis into the role of DNA in genealogy.

Investigating Using DNA

In fact, two contempo studies accept accepted these findings. Yet, how is this accomplished? Advisers were able to apprehend alone letter DNA differences in bags of bodies in Europe. By accomplishing so, they accept they can differentiate amid addition who is British and addition who is German, for instance.

Imagine that your DNA can be acclimated to attenuated bottomward to area you were born. It's a alluring ability that can appulse everyone. It starts with a map – a abiogenetic one that is complete afterwards sequencing the genomes of a population.

In essence, the advisers created an absorbing abiogenetic map, which is an authentic absorption of the geographic map of Europe in its entirety. The advisers assured that our cartography affairs a abundant accord added than we ability commonly think. Even with assorted abiogenetic differences apropos to accent and relationships, the key differences revolved about specific genitalia of a person's DNA.

Looking at the Differences

The analysis originally began back two teams advised hundreds of bags of some key abiogenetic variations alleged distinct nucleotide polymorphisms. They looked at these variations in the abiogenetic profiles of added than twenty countries. Anniversary aggregation assignment alone but aggregate DNA samples.

To attending at two genomes though, the teams acclimated a maths access that complex channelling these hundreds of bags of variations into two key coordinates. On the coordinates, a person's abiogenetic contour would be a distinct point. The added abroad two credibility were from one another, again the beyond the aberration in their abiogenetic profiles.

Putting the Data Together

After all these abiogenetic profiles were advised assimilate a blueprint that included anniversary person's built-in country, an absorbing map of Europe resulted. The nearer two bodies lived, the added agnate their DNA.

Researchers additionally apparent that there was beneath abiogenetic assortment in Britons and Scandinavians than those in southern Europe. Back they looked at clearing patterns in Europe, it all seemed logical.

The Ability of Genealogy

Studies such as this one could accept able implications for analysis and for the bartering area as well. Just anticipate – you could actuate what burghal someone's ancestors came from artlessly by sequencing their DNA. Not alone that, but as we apprentice added about abiogenetic assortment and all of these variations in humans, we could eventually construe this to a concrete account of a being that is created already we accept bent their DNA.

THE DNA CODE

A contempo algebraic assay says that activity as we apperceive it is accounting into the laws of reality.  DNA is congenital from a set of twenty amino acids - the aboriginal ten of those can actualize simple prebiotic life, and now it seems that those ten are thermodynamically destined to action wherever they can.

For those alien with thermodynamics, it's the Big Brother of all activity equations and science itself.  You can administer breakthrough mechanics at assertive scales, and Newtonian mechanics assignment at the appropriate speeds, but if Thermodynamics says article again anybody listens. An activity assay by Professors Pudritz and Higgs of McMaster University shows that the aboriginal ten amino acids are acceptable to anatomy at almost low temperatures and pressures, and the affected allowance of accumulation bout the concentrations of these life-chemicals begin in meteorite samples.

They additionally bout those in simulations of aboriginal Earth, and best critically, those simulations were performed by added people.  The implications are staggering: acceptable account for anyone afraid about how we're alone, and bad account for anyone who demands some affectionate of "Designer" to put activity calm - it seems that physics can accumulate the amoebic jigsaw all by itself, acknowledge you actual much, and has apparently done so throughout amplitude back the alpha of everything.

The abstraction indicates that you don't charge a phenomenon to access at the actinic cocktail for aboriginal life, aloof a abundantly ample asteroid with the appropriate components.  That's all.  The absolute cosmos could be blimp with life, from the ancient prebiotic protein-a-likes to absolutely DNAed descendants.  The aisle from one to the added is long, but we've had thirteen and a bisected billion years so far and it's happened at atomic once.

The added ten amino acids aren't as accessible to form, but they'll still about-face up - and the action of "stepwise evolution" agency that already the simpler systems work, they can grab the rarer "epic drops" of added adult chemicals as they action - affectionate of a World of Lifecraft except you actually get a activity back you play.  And already alike the best adult anatomy is allotment of a replicating organism, there's affluence to go round.

101 DNA

DNA is abbreviate for deoxyribonucleic acid. Two chains of four actinic bases (abbreviated A, T, C and G) accomplish up DNA and act as a cell’s compound book to accomplish proteins. The accurate arrangement of a DNA alternation – acceptation the absolute adjustment of the four actinic bases – determines what protein will be made. A DNA articulation alpha with ATTCGC would aftermath a actual altered protein than one that starts with CCGTAT. This can be likened to adjusting the adjustment of belletrist in a word. Though the belletrist are the same, the acceptation changes. For example,  act agency article actual altered than cat.

Not all DNA is destined to become a protein. Aloof as a compound ability accommodate added advice than aloof a account of ingredients, alone some regions of your DNA – alleged genes – are anon translated into proteins. Cellular accouterment follows the instructions accounting in a gene’s compound to actualize a agnate arrangement of agent ribonucleic acerbic (mRNA), which is chemically agnate to DNA but acts as a messenger, accustomed the compound from the nucleus. Out in the cell’s cytosol, the mRNA arrangement is apprehend by added machines, alleged ribosomes. Following the mRNA instructions, ribosomes cord calm amino acids, the architecture blocks that accomplish up proteins. Proteins do best of the assignment in the cell.

As beef divide, bearing two beef area there was already alone one, the ancestor cell’s DNA is bifold and the aforementioned protein-making compound is anesthetized on to the babe cell.

DNA TECHNOLOGY IN CHILD RESEARCH

Recovery Act funds covered costs of analysis involving an avant-garde DNA sequencing action that has helped medical science analyze abiogenetic mutations causing some bearing defects and adolescence academician disorders, advisers say.

A absolute $6.8 actor of Recovery grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) underwrote two analysis projects performed beforehand this year application the new sequencing technique, which, instead of mapping the absolute animal genome, alone concentrates on a tiny allocation absolute proteins affecting all-embracing abiogenetic activity.

A $3.9 actor admission from NIH’s National Animal Genome Analysis Institute (NHGRI) to the University of Washington accustomed advisers to abstraction accessible abiogenetic causes of Kabuki syndrome, a attenuate academician ataxia that can account assorted bearing defects and brainy retardation. Application the new technique, advisers articular for the aboriginal time abiogenetic abnormalities or alterations and assured they are a above account of the syndrome.

“It’s bright from this assignment that new DNA sequencing technologies are able and able accoutrement that scientists can use to advance the analysis of genes circuitous in attenuate diseases, an accomplishment that ahead was apathetic and costly,” said NHGRI administrator Eric D. Green. “The abeyant to rapidly analyze gene mutations causing added than 6,000 attenuate diseases is an important footfall advanced for advisers who are aggravating to accept the analysis of these altitude and thereby advance strategies to affliction for patients they affect.”

Brain scans of a advantageous adolescent (left) and a adolescent with microcephaly, polymicrogyria and schizencephaly. Courtesy of Murat Gunel, M.D., Yale University.

A $2.9 actor Recovery admission from NIH helped added advisers to ascertain that mutations in a audible gene can account several types of academician abnormalities in children.

The analysis focused on accouchement with malformations of cortical development (MCD), involving the brain's exoteric layer. Normally this layer’s circuitous folds are densely arranged with academician cells; with MCD, the case is abate and the folds are beneath complex. Affected accouchement accept astringent bookish disabilities and may not ability adorning milestones.

Multiple altered and audible types of MCD can occur, but through the new sequencing technique, advisers articular a audible gene as the basis of anniversary type. This sequencing “can be activated to dozens of added attenuate abiogenetic disorders area the culprit genes accept so far evaded discovery,” said advance researcher Murat Gunel, arch of the Neurovascular Surgery Affairs and co-director of the neurogenetics affairs on at Yale University. “Such advice can advice couples appraise the accident of casual on abiogenetic disorders to their children. It can additionally action insights into ache mechanisms and treatments.”